The Materials Commonly Used In French Polishing and Enamelling
The Materials Commonly Used In French Polishing and Enamelling are :
Alkanet root (botanical name, Anchusa tinctoria)
This plant comes from the Levant, but is much more cultivated in the south of France and in Germany. The root is the only part that is used by the French polishers, in order to obtain a rich quiet Red; The coloring is mainly contained in the outer shell or shell and obtained easily by soaking the roots in spirits or linseed oil.
The plant itself is a small perennial herb and grows up to about a foot, with spear-shaped leaves and violet flowers, and with a long, woody roots with a deep red bark.
Madder root (Rubia tinctoria)
This plant is native to the Levant; But it is much cultivated in Southern Europe, and also in India. Its use is for dyeing and dyeing; It can be obtained in a powdered state and gives its red color when it is soaked in water or spirits.
This is a climbing plant with a thin stem; Almost square, the leaves grow four into a heap; Flowers small, yellow fruits, berry twice, one being aborted.
The roots are dug when the plant has reached the age of two or three years; They are cylindrical long, the thickness of a spring and pulverized by a red-brown color, and when, are of a bright Turkish red.
Extracts of Krappes are usually obtained by processing boiling water root, collecting precipitation, separating cooling, mixing with gum or starch, and adding alumina acetate or of iron.
This is actually a mixture of dye and a bite.
Red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus)
The tree from which this wood is obtained, is a high and is in many parts of India, especially to find via Madras.
It provides a dye with a garnet red color and is used by French polishers to polish dye, varnish, etc. Renaissance.
Campêche/Logwood (haematoxylon campeachianum)
This is a medium-sized tree with a very exposed trunk and the branches are covered with spines and flowers with a yellow flower.
It is native to Central America and the West Indies.
This precious dye is imported into tree trunks; If the heart is the most precious wood that is crushed in bulk, built for mills to use chips or powder.
Logwood boiled in water, gives slightly its red color. If a few drops of acetic acid (vinegar) are added, a bright red is produced; And when an alum bit is added to an etch, it forms the red ink. If, instead of an acid, an alkali, such as soda or potash is used, the color turns to dark blue or violet, and with a little management, all the shades of these colors are obtained.
Logwood brought in Polish or paint also gives its red color.
Spruce/Fustic (Maclura tinctoria)
This tree is native to the West Indies, and gives a yellow dye. Large quantities, etc., used for the dyeing of linen. The fustic is a large and beautiful evergreen, and is imported into long sticks.
Curcuma/Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Turmeric is an acaule plant with palmierten knoll roots and leaves in the form of smooth lancets. It is imported from India and China. The root is the part that provides the yellow powder for dyeing. It is also a condiment, and is mainly used in Indian curry powder. Paper, which is colored with turmeric is used by chemists as an alkali test and also in the production of Dutch, pink and golden colored paintings verwendet.
Indigo (indigotier)
Indigo is a shrub that grows two to three feet tall, and is as far away as it starts to bloom. It is cultivated in almost all tropical countries. The dye substance is made from stems and leaves, and is widely used in Kalioprint.
Persian berries (Rhamnus de infectorius)
These berries are the result of a bush of a type of common sea buckthorn in Persia, where they derive their name, but large quantities are also imported into England from Turkey and the south from France. The berries are gathered in an immature state and provide a yellow dye.
Nut-Galls
These can be found on the young branches of the Turkish dwarf oak (Quercus infectoria) and are produced by the bite of an insect called Cynips.
The delivery is mainly from Turkey and Aleppo. Nut Gallen contains a large amount of tannins and gallic acid and are widely used in dyeing.
Catechu
This is obtained from the East Indies, and the extract of Acacia cachou, a thorny tree. The wood is divided into wood chips, which are like wood, and after the cooking and evaporation of the liquor takes the consistency of the tar; But when it is cold, it hardens, and is formed into small squares.
It is widely used by tanners in place of the oak bark.
Thus
the resin emerges from the spruce and is used by polishers in the manufacture of varnishes and varnishes.
Sandarach
is the product of Thuya articulata de Barbarie. It occurs in small pale yellow scales, somewhat sour, and is soluble in alcohol; It is used both in polishing agents, as well as in paints.
Mastic
radiates from the lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus) and is mainly composed of Chios, the Greek archipelago, has won. It works when an incision is made in the body of the tree, but not otherwise.
It comes in the form of practically colorless, transparent tears of a faint odor and is soluble in alcohol and turpentine and forms a quick drying, but variable lacquer which is fragile and dark by age.
Benzoin
This is the product of the American tree Laurus benjoin, and also the benzoin Styrax 105 of Sumatra, which is called "benzoin gum"; It is in varnishes and paintings, and as cosmetic, and is burned as incense in Catholic churches.
Copal
is one of the most valuable gums and is used by many countries.Copal is in a fossil state in very large quantities. The natives collect the rubber, looking into the sandy soil, especially in the mountainous districts, the almost sterile earth, with a small tree except the Adansonia, and sometimes some thorny bushes.
Gum is dug into the earth by copal collectors at different depths, from two or three to ten feet or more, in a manner similar to that of digging gold; And a great excitement arises when a good amount is detected.
The gum is in various shapes and sizes, similar to an egg, a flat cake, a child's head, and so on.
There are three types, yellow, red and whitish; And the first
Makes the best paint and recovers the highest price from dealers.
Many natives claim that Copal is still growing on various trees, and that it will be in excellent properties as a resin by drops and a few feet sink into the ground, making it cleaned and replaced after a lapse of several Years, their hardness, flammability and transparency
Dragon’s Blood
is the juice of some tropical plants a red color, especially the draco tree Pterocarpus. Once the juice has been extracted, it is reduced to a powder by evaporation. It belongs to the obscuration of the mahogany, paints of color or varnish, etc., used for the coloring of marble. Chemists also use in the preparation of dyes and a toothpaste.
Shellac
or rather the shellac - is a resinous substance that is obtained from the Bihar tree and also from the ficus indica or banyan. It radiates if the branches are pierced by an insect called Coccus ficus.
The branches that are encrusted with resin in its natural state, are called stick-lac.
If the resin is decomposed by the branches, dedusted and rubbed with water, much of the red dye is dissolved, and the granular resin is designated as a seed lacquer; And if they have melted, are stretched and spread into thin sheets, it is shellac and is prepared in various ways and under the name of button, garnet, liver, orange, ruby, wire, etc. Are known and used for Arts purposes.
Shellac is the main component of polishes and varnishes.
The red wax consists of shellac, Venice turpentine and vermilion; Because the black black wax seal is used in place of Vermilion.
The shellac is soluble in alcohol and in many acids and bases. Dye lake is the 107farbig red stick-lake dissolved by water and evaporated to dryness.
The dye is, however, mostly from the stick-lake insect body.
Shellac is produced in the highest quantity and best quality in Bengal, Assam and Burmah.
The headquarters of the production is Calcutta, where the domestic producers are accused of having falsified the resin to a large extent.
The best customers are the United Kingdom and the United States, although the demand is growing in Italian markets.
Bernstein/Amber
is a yellow, semi-transparent, fossilized resin; Hard but fragile, and easily cut with a knife; Insipid and odorless, unless it is struck or heated, then prints a scented odor.
It has considerable luster; If very electrically by friction; And burns with a yellow flame.
It is found in tubers of various sizes in alluvial soils or on the coast in many places, especially on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
Amber is used extensively for ornamental purposes and is also used in the production of Bernstein. It does not dissolve in alcohol, but provides the concentrated action of sulfuric acid which dissolves all resins with the exception of Caramba wax.
Bimsstein/Pumice Stone
This known light and volcanic substance, largely destroyed in small islands, situated off the coast of Sicily. Its porous characteristics and smooth cut make it for painters and nails of great value, to level the first coatings uniformly.
Pumice is best for Polish grains or paint that are more advanced towards completion of cutting. The best way from a surface to a piece piece is to get pumice, rub it on a flat York stone, or better yet, an old tile, which was well done.
Ponce does not stand in the water; It causes to contract the grain and hardens, thus cutting its properties deteriorate.
Flaxseed oil/Linseed Oil
This precious oil is extracted by pressure from the seed of the linen plant (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseed contains an average of about 33 percent.
Oil, although the amount varies in the matter, in which the rate of change of the percentage varies significantly and for two consecutive days has not been the same.
This is partly due to the difference in the wealth of the seeds, partly on how it is handled in oil recovery, and it is very easy to lose a significant part of the oil through lacking the skills in the ' One of the two processes, although they all seem so easy.
The first thing the seed from which the oil is to extract it, pass through a 109screen, to clean it of impurities is.
The seed is in sacks containing three to four bushels, and to receive bags with one-sixth of that amount.
After being projected, he passed through a mill whose large iron rolls, numbering three, grind into a coarse meal.
Then it is taken for the so-called "millers," who are two large stones, about eight feet in diameter and eighteen inches thick and weighing six tons, are at their edges and rolling on a bed of stone. About five bushels of flour are added to the sucker, and about eight liters of hot water is added.
The meal is then carried out by machines to the heaters, iron pans which the bushel each hold about.
These are heated by steam to a uniform temperature and partially filled with the meal, which is seven minutes subjected to heat and stirred thoroughly so that all parts can be heated uniformly.
At the end of this period, the meal is placed in bags, which are then placed in hydraulic presses, in which between the pockets of the iron plates are placed.
The pressure is applied for about eight minutes until, it is believed, all the oil is pressed to form a hard cake, which is known for trade as cakes, or a cake of flax remains.
The product of these processes is called a "raw" oil, a considerable portion of which is sold without any other expense to be spent on it.
However, there is a demand for "cooked" oil for certain purposes, where more drying profiles are needed.
To provide this, oil is placed in large boilers that contain 500 to 1000 gallons and is heated to a temperature of about 500 ° C
This process, when large vessels are used, requires most of the time.
During cooking, the manganese oxide is added, which contributes to giving the oil improved cooked drying properties. A considerable portion of the oil is bleached for use by manufacturers of white coatings.
Venice Turpentine
It is extracted from larch and must be included in special bags in the upper part of the stem and are obtained by punching.
It is a viscous liquid, colorless or brown-green, with a slight unpleasant odor and a bitter taste.
Oil of Turpentine
is the most abundant and useful oil. It is in America a very abundant species in the Carolinas, Georgia and Alabama pine, known as long pine leaves (pinus australis), and only found where the original forest was not Deleted.
Methylated Spirit
usually consists of the usual mixed grain or "simple" spirit as it is generated by large distillers in London and elsewhere, which are mixed by simple mixing in different proportions on vegetable naphtha on the one hand and Three parts Spirits Wine.
The mixture takes place in the presence of an agent of income, and so the "methylated" spirits can be used out of service.
The tax authorities consider the incorporation of naphtha with such a strong and unpleasant odor, sufficient security against sale and consumption as a drink.
There is no process yet found to get rid of this odor. It is illegal for drug addicts to use it in the manufacture of medical dyes, unless they are for external use.
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